dilthey:dilthey-sistema-etico
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| + | ====== DILTHEY: SISTEMA ÉTICO ====== | ||
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| + | ==== SELECTED WORKS - VOLUME I ==== | ||
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| + | === Introduction to the Human Sciences. === | ||
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| + | //Excerto de DILTHEY, Wilhelm. SELECTED WORKS - VOLUME I. Introduction to the Human Sciences. Tr. Rudolf A. Makkreel & Frithjof Rodi. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 111-113// | ||
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| + | <tabbox tradução> | ||
| + | De fato, existe apenas um sistema ético em múltiplo nível, que se desenvolveu ao longo de uma longa história e, muitas vezes, se moldou de forma independente em lugares diferentes, definindo-se em uma multiplicidade de formas. Esse sistema ético é uma realidade tão vasta e autêntica quanto a religião ou a lei. Um ethos - seja uma regra, o que se repete ou a forma do que é constante e universal nas ações - fornece apenas a base neutra que inclui tanto a riqueza acumulada das máximas éticas quanto o que foi aprendido sobre a finalidade das ações pretendidas para atingir seu objetivo com a menor resistência possível. Um ethos inclui até mesmo aquele aspecto do direito comum que incorpora convicções comuns sobre a justiça, na medida em que se manifestam através da prática como um poder de controle sobre os indivíduos. É semelhante à maneira como Ulpian define “costumes” [mores], a saber, como tacitus consensus populi, longa consuetudine inveteratus. Ethos ou costume podem ser claramente delineados de acordo com povos e estados. A ética, por outro lado, forma um sistema ideal único que é meramente modificado pelas diferenças de organizações, | ||
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| + | Este sistema ético não consiste em ações humanas. De fato, nem mesmo pode ser estudado através delas. O sistema consiste em um grupo específico de fatos da consciência e naquele aspecto das ações humanas que é produzido por eles. Em primeiro lugar, procuraremos apreender esses fatos da consciência em sua totalidade. O ético existe em uma forma dupla, e cada forma em que aparece se tornou ponto de partida para uma escola unilateral de moralidade. Encontra-se, | ||
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| + | Nesta dupla forma, a consciência ética permeia a vida geral da sociedade em um jogo infinitamente complexo de impulsos e reações. Com base no que dissemos, o que ativa a consciência ética pode ser analisado em dois tipos de forças. Antes de tudo, opera diretamente como o desenvolvimento de uma consciência moral e a consequente regulação das ações. Tudo o que torna a vida digna de ser vivida para o homem está fundamentado na consciência; | ||
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| + | Dessa maneira, um sistema autônomo de moralidade é formado na sociedade. Juntamente com o sistema de lei, que depende da coerção externa, esse sistema regula a ação com uma espécie de coerção interna. Nesse sentido, a moralidade ocupa seu lugar entre as ciências humanas, não apenas como um conjunto de imperativos que regulam a vida do indivíduo, mas como um dos grandes sistemas que funcionam na vida da sociedade. | ||
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| + | <tabbox Original> | ||
| + | In fact, there exists but one multileveled ethical system, which has developed through a long history and has often shaped itself independently in different places, by defining itself in a multiplicity of forms. This ethical system is as vast and authentic a reality as religion or law. An ethos—whether it be a rule, that which recurs, or the form of what is constant and universal in actions—provides only the neutral basis which includes both the accumulated wealth of ethical maxims and what has been learned about the purposiveness of actions intended to reach their goal with the least possible resistance. An ethos even includes that aspect of common law which embodies common convictions about justice insofar as they manifest themselves through practice as a controlling power over individuals. This is similar to the way Ulpian defines “mores, | ||
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| + | This ethical system does not consist of human actions. Indeed, it cannot even be studied primarily through them. The system consists of a specific group of facts of consciousness and that aspect of human actions which is produced by them. We shall seek first of all to apprehend these facts of consciousness in their entirety. The ethical exists in a twofold form, and each form in which it appears became starting point for a one-sided school of morality. It is found, on the one hand, in the judgments of a spectator of actions, and, on the other, as a constituent of motives which gives them a meaning-content that is independent of the success (or purposiveness) of actions in the world. What is considered to be ethical is the same in both forms. But in the one form it appears as the living force of motivation, in the other as the force that responds from without to give impartial approval or disapproval to the actions of other individuals. This important thesis can be demonstrated in the following way. In every case in which I find myself, as agent, under the constraint of a moral obligation, that obligation can be expressed in the same proposition which underlies my judgment as a spectator. Until now, ethics has always taken one of these two forms as its basis. Kant and Fichte considered the ethical as an active motivating force, while the prominent British moralists and Herbart considered it as an external force reacting to the actions of others. Because of this [split], ethics has forfeited an all-inclusive, | ||
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| + | In this twofold form, ethical consciousness permeates the overall life of society in an infinitely complex play of impulses and reactions. On the basis of what we have said, that which activates ethical consciousness can be analyzed into two kinds of forces. First of all, it operates directly as the development of a moral consciousness and the ensuing regulation of actions. Everything which makes life worth living for man is grounded in conscience; for whoever has a sense of his dignity, and can accordingly face the vicissitudes of life calmly, requires this foundation not only for himself but also for those whom he loves in order to be able to live. The other form of psychological force through which ethical consciousness operates within society is indirect. The moral consciousness which develops in society exerts pressure on individuals. This is precisely why it rules as a system over the furthest reaches of society and subordinates the most diverse social motives to itself. Like slaves, even the lowliest motives are compelled to serve this power of the ethical system. Public opinion, the judgment of others, honor—these are the strong bonds which hold society together when the restraint exercised by law fails. And even if an individual were to be firmly convinced that the majority of those condemning him would act exactly as he himself has acted, if only they could avoid the world’s judgment, even that does not cancel the spell under which his soul stands, like a beast of prey under the spell of the eyes of a brave man or like the criminal under the watch of the hundred eyes of the law. And if he really seeks to escape this solidarity of public moral opinion, then he can endure its force only when he stands together with others in a different climate of public opinion which supports him. On the other hand, this regulative authority of the collective ethical conscience brings about the transmission of the collective results of ethical culture, which no one would be able to produce independently in himself in its manifold complexity and at each moment of his active life. This transmission is important at the beginning of personal development as well as for anyone not morally independent, | ||
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| + | In this way an autonomous system of morality is formed in society. Alongside the system of law, which is dependent on external coercion, this system regulates action with a kind of inner coercion. Accordingly, | ||
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| + | </ | ||
